Chea Vichea

Chea Vichea

Born	Early 1960s Kandal, Cambodia
Died	January 22, 2004 Phnom Penh, Cambodia
Cause of death	Assassinated
Occupation	Leader of the Free Trade Union of Workers of the Kingdom of Cambodia
Known for	2004 Assassination
Political party	Sam Rainsy Party

Chea Vichea ​ was the leader of the Free Trade Union of Workers of the Kingdom of Cambodia (FTUWKC) until his assassination on Chinese New Year, 22 January 2004. Following his death, he was succeeded in his position at the FTUWKC by his younger brother Chea Mony.
Vichea was shot in the head and chest early in the morning while reading a newspaper at a kiosk in Daun Penh district, Phnom Penh. He had recently been dismissed by the INSM Garment Factory (located in the Chum Chao District of Phnom Penh) as a reprisal for helping to establish a trade union at the company. He also had close affiliations with the opposition Sam Rainsy Party.

Investigation

Chea Vichea's monument in Phnom Penh, Sihanouk Blvd, statue

A few days after Vichea's killing, and facing mounting criticism for their failure to act, Cambodian authorities arrested two men and charged them with the murder.
The first, Born Samnang, was arrested in Prey Veng Province and transferred to Phnom Penh overnight. He initially admitted to the killing but then publicly retracted, claiming to have been tortured into confessing. Multiple eyewitnesses have placed Born Samnang in a different part of the country at the time of the murder.
The second suspect, Sok Sam Oeun, has consistently denied any involvement and also has alibis placing him in a party with friends at the time of the murder.
The criminal investigation was done by Phnom Penh's Tuol Kork district police and plagued by irregularities. Officers focused on threatening and rounding up those who provided alibis for the suspects, while witnesses were intimidated.
On 22 March 2004, the case's Investigating Judge, Hing Thirith, threw out the charges against the two men, citing a lack of evidence against them and weak credibility of the police investigation . The next day, Hing Thirith was removed from his position at the Phnom Penh Municipal Court, and his decision to drop charges was subsequently overturned on 1 June 2004 by the Appeals Court Presiding Judge Thou Mony
The trial took place more than a year after the murder while Born Samnang and Sok Sam Oeun remained in custody in Phnom Penh, despite a Cambodian legal limitation that no one be detained without trial for longer than six months. The case has been taken up by both national and international organisations, including Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch and ILO.

Trial

A 10th anniversary memorial service was held for Chea Vichea on January 22, 2014. It was arranged by garment workers and joined by the opposition.

On 1 August 2005, the Phnom Penh Municipal Courts delivered a judgment which was highly criticized by both local and international organizations, who deemed it unfair and politically biased rather than based on independent and reasonable judgment.
Sok Sam Oeun and Born Samnang were judged guilty after a trial where no witnesses testified against the accused and no forensic evidence was brought to court. Both individuals were sentenced to 20 years in prison and ordered to pay $5,000 compensation each to the family of the victim.
Chea Vichea's family turned down the compensation, stating that they did not believe the two convicted were the real murderers.

NHOK THEM Khmer writer at 1960

Nhok Them  born on June 22 1903 in Por, Sangke. My Father and Mother Hill Khmer farmers in the commune Village district, Battambang province.Childhood and studiesChildhood, in 1913 he went to Wat Sangke. He studied by teachers and studied law by Rabbi Silk Touch at Wat Po.In 1918 he was bapvochchea (vegetarian) samner. As samner He studied law and Bali by other teachers in the province. He also went to study abroad in 1919, he continued professionalism in Bangkok, Thailand. He was senior diploma courses during 1921 and cheabsanhnheabt senior courses Major in 1923. In 1924, he ubasambt a monk and in the same year he graduated briyotte Bali 3 sentences. Two years later, 1926, he was 4 sentences and two years afterwards (1928) 5 sentences and an end, he was 6-year sentence in 1929. Please note that the Pali language study in Thailand has a total of 9 sentence (or floor) sentences 9 is the highest sentence (PhD). He had to leave the precepts of the laity in 1936.jobWhen he went to study in Thailand, he also worked there. Pali language teacher in Bangkok from. .1927 Vs. .1930 Recently returned back to Phnom Penh Join a committee member turned Buddhist Tripitaka. In 1938 he worked in the royal library functions fullest publishing publications kampouchsoriyea. In the following year (1939) he represented Prince Norodom Sothearos and presided over the Buddhist city with other representatives, to prepare a curriculum and Buddhist ceremony in the city of Luang Prabang and Vientiane in Laos. 1942 he inaugurated Hussein Academy Soc southern Vietnam and 1943, he represented the organizers for Buddhist Studies in Pakse, Laos.Koulap Khmer professor in the 5th grade of the Normal in 1945. In 1946 he worked at the Buddhist Institute and a professor at Sisowath High School. But in 1950 he resigned from the Buddhist enter krasuongseksaeathikear_cheate transfer after the French Lycee Sisowath, a national treasure and a professor until the contract. Six years later, in 1956, he moved to work as a professor Khmer Boulevard City. But in 1958 he moved to work in vityeasthean_cheate_kroukaosal Penh as a professor and literary authors document Khmer Institute . He is a professor of Khmer RSA.

Chuon Nath

Samdech Sangha Raja Jhotañano Chuon Nath (1 March 1883 – 25 September 1969) is the late Kana Mahanikaya Supreme Patriarch of Cambodia. Amongst his achievements is his effort in conservation of the Khmer language in the form of the Khmer dictionary. His protection of Khmer identity and history in the form of the national anthem, Nokor Reach and Savada Khmer are also amongst his contribution to the country.
Som Dech Nath was the head of a reformist movement in the Khmer Buddhist Sangha which developed a rationalist-scholastic model of Buddhism, rooted in linguistic studies of the Pali Canon. This new movement, known as Dhammayuttika Nikaya, influenced young Khmer monks in the early 20th century.^[1] The new movement also cultivated Khmer-language identity and culture, giving rise to the notion of Cambodian nationalism.
Nath pushed for a series of innovations in the Khmer Sangha beginning in the early twentieth century: the use of print for sacred texts (rather than traditional methods of hand-inscribing palm-leaf manuscripts); a higher degree of expertise in Pali and Sanskrit studies among monks; a vision of orthodoxy based on teaching of Vinaya texts for both monks and lay-people; and modernization of teaching methods for Buddhist studies.
He also oversaw the translation of the entire Buddhist Pali canon into Khmer language; and the creation of the first modern Khmer language dictionary.
The French set up its protectorate over Cambodia and intended to replace the Khmer language with its own through the so-called "pseudo-French intellectuals." This intention rallied many Cambodian scholars to the course of conserving the Khmer language; one such scholar was Nath. A son of farmers who later became a monk, Nath dedicated his life to upholding Buddhism and the conservation of Khmer language in the country that was highly influenced by French colonialism. He had an extensive knowledge of the Khmer language. He was probably the most famous and most knowledgeable monk Cambodia had ever had. A master in Buddha’s teaching, he was very well known around the Buddhism circle as well as very adept at languages. Throughout his life he encouraged the use of "Khmerization" in both public education and religions. What Nath meant by "Khmerization" was he wanted to derive new Khmer words from its ancestral roots, the Pali and Sanskrit languages. For example, when the train arrived first in Cambodia, there was no Khmer word for the train. Nath thus derived the word for train from Sanskrit and Pali word of Ayomoyo which means something that is made of metal. Together with the word Yana which means vehicle, came the Khmer word for train which we know today as Ayaksmeyana, pronounced Ayak-smey-yean.
However, Nath’s Khmerization was not overall accepted by all Khmers. Scholars such as Keng Vannsak who were pro-French did not find the kind of Khmer words derived from Pali and Sanskrit to be convenient. They revolutionized another kind of derivation which they want to adopt normalized French word into Khmer vocabulary. The only major change was to use Khmer alphabet to write the word rather than using the Roman alphabets used by the French. But despite opposition, Nath’s Khmerization succeeded. He was a member of the original committee granted royal order to compile a Khmer dictionary in 1915 and was credited as the founder of the dictionary as he pushed for and finally succeeded in printing the first edition of the current Khmer dictionary in 1938. In 1967, he was elevated to the rank of doctor.
Nath’s other contribution to Cambodia include the current national anthem, Nokor Reach, for which he composed both music and lyrics. Nokor Reach was written to correspond to the motto of the nation, "Nation, Religion, King" as well as demonstrate the grandeur and the mighty past of the Khmer nation.

Ros Serey Sothea

Ros serey sothea

Birth name	Ros Sothea
Born	1948
Origin	Battambang, Cambodia
Died	1977 (aged 29)
Genres	Psychedelic rock Garage rock Kbach Romvong Saravan Blues Bossa Nova Film Music Classical Khmer Music
Occupation(s)	Singer
Years active	1967–1975
Associated acts	Sinn Sisamouth Huoy Meas Eng Nary Im Song Seum In Yeng Chea Savoeun Pan Ron Dara Choumchan

Ros Sothea was born in 1948^[ to Ros Bun and Nath Samien in Battambang Province. Growing up relatively poor, Ros Sothea was the second youngest of five children, included her older sister, activist Ros Saboeut She displayed vocal talent as a toddler and grew up listening to early Cambodian singers such as Mao Sareth and Chunn Malai which doubtlessly had a profound influence.
Sothea's talent would remain relatively hidden until friends persuaded her to join a regional singing contest in 1963. After winning the contest she gained the attention and praise of the province and was invited to join Lomhae Yothea (a musical troupe) which regularly performed at Stung Khiev Restaurantin Battambang. It is believed that Im Song Seurm  a singer from the National Radio, heard of Sothea's talents and invited her to the capital, Phnom Penh, in 1967.

Music career

In Phnom Penh, she adopted the alias Ros Sereysothea and became a singer for the National Radio performing duets with Im Song Seurm. Her first hit, Stung Khieu (Blue River) debuted the same year and she quickly attracted fans with her clear and high pitch voice. Eventually she became a regular partner with Sinn Sisamouth  the lead singer of the era, and they were a smashing success. She also performed with other prominent singers of the era such as Pan Ron Houy Meas , and Sos Mat
The style of her early career is characterized by traditional Cambodian ballads and duets. She would eventually shift to a more contemporary style by combining romantic ballads drenched in loss, betrayal, and death with Western instruments. This change of style can most likely be attributed to her traumatic marriage with fellow singer, Sos Mat.
By the 1970s, American influence from neighboring South Vietnam had reached Cambodia and Sothea, along with her contemporaries, began experimenting in Western genres. Her high, clear voice, coupled with the rock backing bands featuring prominent, distortion-laden lead guitars, pumping organ and loud, driving drums, made for an intense, sometimes haunting sound that is best described today as psychedelic or garage rock. Like the leader of the music scene, Sinn Sisamouth, Sothea would often take popular Western rock tunes, such as John Fogerty's "Proud Mary" and refashion them with Khmer lyrics.
Yet romantic ballads would remain her most endearing work amongst the more conservative populace. She was often sought out by film directors to perform the duet and/or solo in their movies. Sothea's collaboration with the Cambodian film industry is invaluable in identifying over 250 films lost during the communist regime.
Sothea never sang under any one record label and made a modest living as a musician. She is recognized as a national treasure and was honored by King Norodom Sihanouk with the royal title of "Preah Reich Theany Somlang Meas", the "Golden Voice of the Royal Capital".
From her brief relationship with a Khmer Republic parachutist and General Srey Ya, Sothea increasingly became involved in the military. As the Khmer Republic struggled in the civil war, Sothea and Sisamouth and their contemporaries published patriotic songs for the fledgling republic. Her career would continue until the Khmer Rouge captured Phnom Penh in April 1975.
Sothea's personality is invariably described as modest and reserved. She is known to have been involved in a few relationships throughout her life. When she arrived in Phnom Penh, she was courted by fellow singer Sos Mat and eventually married. Unfortunately Mat was already legally married to two other wives. As her career moved forward, Sos Mat became insanely jealous of her success and of the men who came to watch her perform. Traumatized by the emotional abuse from the constant envy of his other wives and the domestic violence from Sos Mat, they separated within six months of marriage. With her name ruined as a result of the divorce, her only option was to return to her family in Battambang. It would only be with intervention and help from Sinn Sisamouth that she resumed her career in Phnom Penh.
Despite the high-profile divorce with Sos Mat, Sothea's popularity resurged and she met the son of the famous Van Chan film company as part of her contract recording film songs. Their marriage resulted in a son but for undocumented reasons they separated. She is also noted to have had a relationship with a parachutist of the Khmer Republic. General Srey Ya of Lon Nol's government, who was extremely infatuated with her, ended up holding her against her will in one incident. Sothea's unsteady relationships may have been the inspiration behind her most depressing ballads.

Fall of Phnom Penh

It is believed that Sothea had traveled to Pailin Province for the Buddhist New Year in 1975. Some of her final recordings are those celebrating the New Year in Pailin. Many are skeptical of this claim as it had been increasingly dangerous to travel outside Phnom Penh due to the encirclement of Khmer Rouge forces. When Phnom Penh fell, there were apparently attempts by military personnel to evacuate Sothea out of the country. Like everyone else when the Khmer Rouge took over, she was forced to leave Phnom Penh. There are many speculations regarding her fate from a variety of witnesses.
Sothea was initially able to hide her identity well as she was from the Cambodian countryside and adjusted well, contrary to most of the "New People". The survivors from her camp didn't even know she was amongst them until she secretly confided with them. Eventually she was discovered and was forced by Pol Pot to marry one of his assistants in 1977. As a prolific singer, Sothea was forced to exclusively perform songs for the new regime.
Her new marriage was an unhappy one marred by physical abuses. Eventually the disputes got out of hand and the Khmer Rouge cadre of her village decided she was more trouble alive. She was told that she and her family would be moved to another village and she was last seen by survivors departing by ox cart. She then disappeared under typically mysterious circumstances and is almost certainly dead.
Other accounts believe that she died from being overworked in a Khmer Rouge agricultural camp. Another account even says that she was still alive when the Vietnamese invading forces arrived in Phnom Penh in 1979 but died of malnutrition shortly after in a hospital.
As a high profile individual and a musician, she was a prime candidate for extermination during Pol Pot’s regime. Her two surviving sisters insist that Sothea, along with their mother and children, were taken to Kampong Som province and executed immediately following the Fall of Phnom Penh. Her remains have yet to be discovered.
 Legacy
with the cultural upheaval by the Khmer Rouge, scant evidence of Ros Serey Sothea's life remains. Her master recordings were either destroyed by the regime or deteriorated rapidly in the tropical environment due to lack of preservation. However, many vinyl recordings have survived and have gained reissues initially on tape cassettes and later on compact discs. Unfortunately many of these reissues are also remixed with extra beats usually overriding the original score. The releases from the master sources are thereby highly sought out by preservationists and collectors.
Sothea's older sister, Ros Saboeut, is widely credited with reuniting Cambodia's surviving musicians and bands in the aftermath of the Khmer Rouge era.^[3] Surviving musicians had initially contacted Ros Saboeut to inquire about Sothea's fate.^[3] Ros Saboeut used the opportunity, and her contacts, to reunite the country's rock bands and musicians.^[3] According to Youk Chhang, the executive director of the Documentation Center of Cambodia, Ros Saboeut sought to restore Cambodian music as a tribute to her sister, "I think she was bound by the legacy of her sister to help."^[3] Her efforts were widely credited with rebuilding the country's rock genre.^[3]
Nonetheless Sothea remained extremely popular posthumously in Cambodia and Cambodian communities scattered throughout the United States, France, Australia, and Canada. Western interest in Sothea would not dawn until songs by Sothea, Sinn Sisamouth and other Cambodian singers of the era such as Meas Samoun, Choun Malai and Pan Ron, were featured on the soundtrack to Matt Dillon's film City of Ghosts. Tracks by Sothea are "Have You Seen My Love", "I'm Sixteen" and "Wait Ten Months".
The Los Angeles band Dengue Fever, which features Cambodian lead singer Chhom Nimol, covers a number of songs by Sothea and other singers from the short-lived but rich Cambodian rock and roll scene. The advent of the internet, undoubtedly saved what was left of her discography while spreading and garnering interest in her music even after almost half a century later.

To paint art realistically is to make it almost real. Hardly poetic, I know, but for many beginners the journey to realism is full of confusion and disappointment.
Realism is the oxygen of digital art. It breathes life into your work by associating it with things we already know. We connect to it because we see ourselves in it. So it's no wonder that so many artists spend a lifetime trying to master realism in all its beautiful glory.
In today's article, we'll tackle a handful of useful tips to help you incorporate different realistic elements into your digital paintings. Whether you're just starting out or are a little more experienced, have a go at these time-saving techniques for more realistic art.

1. Use Photo Textures in Your Work

One great way to instantly add realism to your digital paintings is to apply textures to them. You can easily do this by incorporating photo textures into your work.
Photo textures are parts of photographs that you warp and manipulate to blend into your painting. This technique is especially great for achieving the perfect texture for clothes, skin, details in nature, and general grit and grunge.
In this incredible example by Johnson Ting, he creates an  that is out of this world. Pay special attention to how he uses small bits of photos to add authentic textures to his piece.

2. Paint With Texture Brushes

Remember Bob Ross? King of giant afros and "happy trees"? For over a decade he famously painted beautiful oil landscapes on his hit TV show, The Joy of Painting. He achieved incredibly realistic details by using simple materials, including a fan brush to paint all the foliage for his signature trees.
You too can achieve realism by equipping yourself with a wide range of textured brushes in Photoshop. You can find these brushes online or even create your own by following our series of tutorials dedicated to creating 

3. Apply Ambient Occlusion for Lighting

Studying Ambient Occlusion is like stumbling across the holy grail of techniques. If you're already familiar with painting in grayscale then you probably know this common equation:
One grayscale base + colors set to different blend modes = an almost finished painting.
And what is more frustrating than understanding light and shadow? Sure, there are plenty of close seconds, but the magic is always in the lighting.
We were already impressed by Photoshop's ability to convert gray tonal values to a dynamic colorful piece. But with Ambient Occlusion, you simply apply a universal lighting scenario that cuts your painting time in half. Maybe even more. By the time you're finished converting your black and whites to color, the painting is almost complete. No more relentless tweaking long after you've already applied color. Or making up for holes and mistakes in your original setup.
Many of our instructors here at Tuts+ swear by this technique, including myself. Check out how I used this method to paint a  Absorb this process, and you'll dramatically change your workflow.

4. Paint With Natural Color Palettes

If you're not confident in your painting skills, don't worry, they'll grow with time. But one great alternative to achieving realism is to turn your focus to color.
Even though it's tempting to paint with bright, vivid colors, limit your color palettes to colors found in nature. Take swatches from photographs and test these values in your own paintings. Soon you'll see that you don't have to be the best painter in the world to make your art that much more realistic.
You can also study natural color palettes to understand how to paint people. Because of the makeup of our bodies, painting skin for instance is more involved than just using different shades of brown.
In this illustration by Alice Catrinel Ciobotaru, you'll notice how even shades of purple show up in her simple  Study more about the human body to notice these small changes in color, and then try out some natural color palettes for yourself.

5. Add a Quick Filter of Noise

If you forgot to paint with different brushes or you can't be bothered with gathering photo references, there's always this one simple fix. Use a quick filter of Noise.
To do this, add a New Layer (Control-Shift-N) and fill it with a light gray color. Go to Filter > Noise > Add Noise and adjust the Amount to 15%.
Set the layer to Overlay and bring down the Opacity to 30%.
This effect allows you to add grit in a matter of seconds. Just make sure you're not too heavy-handed with the noise, because you definitely don't want to ruin your painting efforts.

6. Paint Additional Light Sources

Every artist goes through a couple of portrait paintings in their lifetime. Not only are they great for developing technique, but you can also experiment with different lighting setups.
The best way to study light is to study photographs. Do a basic Google search to learn more about different types of lighting including:

• Rim Lighting
• Back Lighting
• Ambient Light
• Different Combinations of Light

While I was painting this , I took a moment to experiment with how another light source might bounce around the painting. This additional light, the orange light source, became a magical detail that pushed my portrait forward and gave it more character.
Try out your own studies and discover how this lighting technique adds life to your work. Experiment with different colors and you'll instantly surprise yourself with what works best.

Conclusion

As with many things in life, if you crack the simple formulas you can adapt your work for greater success. So the next time you browse the work of your favorite artists, don't just sit there in awe. Study it. Search out their process. Pick it apart not in critique but for techniques. Notice how they're always the same? Soon enough, you'll see how each artist found the process they liked best and stuck with it.
They've found their formula. So now find yours.
I wish you much success on your digital painting journey. Keep up with https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8HQbK971nLk  for more essential tips and tricks in navigating the waters as a beginner. Good luck!

10 Most Popular Modern Painting Styles

Paintings are a great way to dress up one's living room, bedroom, reception area, or just about any space. Many modern paintings are popular because of their thought-provoking nature. In fact, many people value modern paintings according to how well they can spark a conversation with house guests or office clients. These paintings can open one's mind to a new perspective of the world, while others stir the emotions, while others simply set a tone for a room. Not only can these paintings be appreciated for their beauty, some are also sound investments that may offer great resale value. Buyers of modern paintings should know the ten most popular modern painting styles and how to distinguish one from the other.

Popular Modern Styles of Painting

Modern art was a reaction to the rigid style set by traditional French institutions. Modern styles emerged starting in the 1860s and continued through the 1970s. This type of art refers to styles of painting that eschewed realism and past traditions. Instead, its focus is on experimentation with various materials and styles. The following are some of the popular styles that reflect the spirit of the modern art movement.

1. Abstract Art

Abstract art refers to a style of painting that does not use figurative reality as a reference. Instead, the artist alludes to his or her subject and reduces it to a simplified form. Colors and shapes are used to portray emotions and the landscape of one's inner world. Listed below are the various kinds of abstract art styles that have emerged.

Abstract Art Type	Defining Characteristics	Famous Artists
Abstract Expressionism	Abstract expressionism paintings are emotionally intense and spontaneously created by the artist. It is often synonymous with action or gesture paintings that have an anarchic and rebellious feel. There is tension and high drama in their composition.	Jackson Pollock Mark Tobey
Color Field	Color field paintings are characterized by large, solid colors on a flat plane. The colors are the subjects themselves, and they are normally painted on large canvas material. Compared to abstract expressionism, color field painters aim to present their paintings as one cohesive image.	Mark Rothko Robert Motherwell Barnett Newman Hans Hoffman
Lyrical Abstraction	Lyrical abstraction refers to abstract paintings that are softer and more romantic in nature. Instead of drama and tension, this style has a relaxed randomness and spontaneity. It is called "lyrical," because of the imagery that allows the person to interpret or "read" it.	Paul Jenkins Sam Francis Joan Mitchell Pierre Soulages
Cubism	Cubism is characterized by geometric figures. Cubist painters analyze the subject and break it up into a geometric abstract form. These are normally viewpoints of the subject from various angles. Cubist paintings range from partially abstract to fully abstract.	Pablo Picasso Georges Braque Jean Metzinger Robert Delauney Fernand Leger

Abstract expressionism, color field, cubism, and lyrical abstraction are just some of the abstract art paintings available out there. Choosing among these styles depends on one's personal preference as well as the type of environment the painting will occupy, whether a bedroom, living area, or office space.

2. Surrealism

Surrealism is a modern painting style that juxtaposes various images together to give a startling effect. The images in these paintings are often illogical and have a dream-like quality about them. Surrealist paintings emphasize the subconscious. Among the popular Surrealist painters are Salvador Dali, Max Ernst, Valentine Hugo, Joan Miro, and Toyen.

3. Conceptual Art

Conceptual art is a modern art style where the artist believes that concept is more important than artwork itself. Many conceptual artists believed that while they conceived the work, it is completed by the viewer. In fact, many types of conceptual art are only a set of instructions. It is rare to find this type of art to just be a painting, as it often incorporates elements of sculpture and installation. Marcel DuChamp, Yoko Ono, Yves Klein, and Robert Rauschenberg are some of the famous conceptual artists.

4. Pop Art

Pop Art paintings occurred as a reaction to abstract expressionism, which mid-1950s British artists believed was art that was far-removed from daily life. Pop Art revolved around mundane subjects like comic books, advertising, celebrities, and other objects found in the everyday. It was a return to realism and representation in art. Prominent artists in this field include Jasper Johns, Andy Warhol, Tom Wesselmann, and Wayne Thiebaud, among others.

5. Photorealism

From the name itself, a photorealist painting is one that looks as realistic as a photograph. This is done by taking a picture of the subject and then painting it. Photorealism is an art movement influenced by pop art, and it ran counter as a reaction to abstract expressionism. Unlike abstract art or conceptual art, photorealist painting has to be done by an artist who possesses advanced technical ability to capture the realism of the photograph onto canvas. Famous photorealist painters include the following: Glennray Tutor, Robert Bechtle, Tom Blackwell, Don Eddy, and Cindy Wright, among others.

6. Hyperrealism

Hyperrealism is an advancement of the photorealism art movement. Artists use high-resolution cameras to take photographs and paint them on canvas. Compared to photorealism, however, hyperrealist paintings have exaggerated shadows and inanimate objects display lifelikeness, even though they do not normally possess these qualities. Hyperrealism focuses on a false "super" reality. The following are some of the popular hyperrealist painters: Robert Bechtle, Richard Estes, Bert Monroy, Duane Hanson, and Charles Bell, among others.

7. Minimalism

Minimalism is an art movement that is, as expected, characterized by simplicity. Minimalist paintings strip down the subject to its very essence. Instead of energy-filled self-expression as is the hallmark of abstract expressionism, minimalist art, on the other hand, paints only what the artist believes is necessary. Some of the more famous minimalist painters are Barnett Newman, Kazimir Malevich, Piet Mondrian, and Frank Stellas.

8. Futurism

Futurism is a painting style that concerns itself with subjects like the technology, speed, violence, and the future of the world. It concerns itself with the depiction of man's triumph over nature. This movement rejects the establishment and praises originality. To recreate this level of emotional dynamism on canvas, futurist paintings adopted the cubist style of painting where they deconstruct subjects into geometric figures to show movement. David Burlyuk, Aristarkh Lentulov, Fortunato Depero, and Gerardo Dottori are just some of the well-known Futurist painters.

9. Impressionism

Impressionism is one of the earliest modern painting styles that originated in Paris, France. It is characterized by thin brushstrokes and an emphasis on the depiction of light. Impressionist artists often painted outdoors to capture sunlight and color of their subjects. In the 1870s, Impressionist paintings were considered radical because they did not paint according to the rules. Famous impressionist painters include Claude Monet, Pierre - Auguste Renoir, Camille Pissarro, and Armand Guillaumin, among others.

10. Fauvism

Fauvism is an art movement that occurred sometime after impressionism. While impressionism retains a somewhat realistic representation of the subjects, Fauvist paintings focus on strong color. Artists employing this style have wild brush strokes and highly simplified subjects. Among the popular Fauvism painters are Andre Derain, Henry Matisse, Charles Camoin, and Maurice Marinot.

10 Most Famous Paintings In The World

 Between the millions of paintings that are created and shown in galleries and museums all around the world, a very small amount transcend time and make history. This select group of paintings is recognizable by people from all over the world and of all ages and will probably continue to echo and leave impressions in the minds of people in the centuries to come. Below is a list of some of the most famous paintings in the world

1. Mona Lisa – Leonardo da Vinci. The most famous painting in the world is the main attraction of the Louvre museum in Paris, where it is seen by six million people every year! Leonardo da Vinci painted it from the year 1503 or 1504 till shortly before he died in 1519

 2. The Last Supper – Leonardo da Vinci. This world famous painting is not shown in a museum, but rather covers the back wall of the dining hall at Santa Maria delle Grazie monastery in Milan, Italy. It was painted by the most famous artist of all time, Leonardo da Vinci in the late 15th-century. The painting depicts the scene of The Last Supper of Jesus with his disciples. Seeing this masterpiece in the small monastery is truly one of the best attractions Milan has to offer

3. The Creation Of Adam – Michelangelo. Located on the ceiling of The Sistine Chapel in Vatican City, Rome. The Creation Of Adam was painted by Michelangelo between 1508 and 1512 and it is just one of nine scenes from the book of Genesis that are painted on the center of the ceiling of the chapel
4. Starry Night – Vincent van Gogh. Painted by Dutch artist Vincent van Gogh in 1889, Starry Night is one of the most well known paintings in modern culture. The painting is part of the permanent collection of the Museum of Modern Art in New York. The painting was the inspiration for the song “Vincent” (also known as “starry starry night”) by Don McLean. McLean’s song reference the painting as well as other paintings by the famous artist

5. The Scream – Edvard Munch. The most famous piece by Edvard Munch, painted around 1893. It was painted using oil and pastel on cardboard. This frightening painting is on display at The National Gallery, Oslo, Norway

6. The Persistence Of Memory – Salvador Dali. Painted in 1931 by the Spanish artist Salvador Dali, The Persistence of Memory is one of the most recognizable pieces in art history. This work of art is known to make people ponder on their way of life and the way they spend their time, and it is also thought that this wonderful painting was inspired by Albert Einstein’s Theory of Relativity

7. Girl With A Pearl Earring – Johannes Vermeer. Considered by many to be “the Dutch Mona Lisa” or the “Mona Lisa of the North”, this beautiful painting by the Dutch artist Johannes Vermeer features, well… a girl with a pearl earring. The painting was completed around 1665 and is on display in the Mauritshuis Gallery in the Hague, the Netherlands

8. The Night Watch – Rembrandt van Rijn. Completed in 1642, this famous artwork is on display at the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam. The painting depicts a city guard moving out, led by Captain Frans Banning Cocq, his lieutenant and the rest of the guard’s armed men

9. Self-Portrait Without Beard – Vincent van Gogh. Even though Van Gogh painted many portraits of himself, this one is by far the most famous as it is his last self-portrait and one of the few that depicts him without a beard. It was given by him to his mother as a birthday gift. It is also one of the most expensive paintings of all times, as it was sold for $71.5 million in 1998, and is now part of a private collection

10. Guernica – Pablo Picasso. The most famous painting by Picasso, completed in 1937. The painting was painted in Paris and is Inspired by the bombing of Guernica in Spain during the Spanish Civil War. The painting is on permanent display in Museo Reina Sofía, Madrid, Spain